Articles
By Rucha Khare
बऱ्याच दिवसांपासून एक विषय मनात घोळतोय. आज आपल्यासमोर मांडते आहे.
सध्या खुप ठिकाणी स्त्री मुक्तीचे वारे आणि नारे घुमातायत. काही अंशी ते पटतातही पण स्त्री मुक्तीचा खरं अर्थ काय आहे हे अजून कोणालाही नीट सांगत येत नाही. स्वतः स्त्रीला तरी ते नीट उमजले आहे का याविषयी शंका आहे. आत्ताची स्त्री चूल आणि मूल ह्यातून बऱ्याच अंशी मुक्त झालेली दिसते. पुर्विपेक्षा बऱ्यापैकी स्वातंत्र्य बऱ्याच स्त्रियांना मिळते. ज्या घरांमध्ये तिला बऱ्यापैकी स्वातंत्र्य आहे तिथे तिचे मत विचारले जाते आणि आदरही दिला जातो. हल्लीच्या स्त्रिया बऱ्याच प्रमाणात आर्थिकदृष्ट्या स्वतंत्र आहेत. त्यामुळे आपले राहणीमान कसे असावे हे काही अंशी तिला ठरवता येते. स्त्रियांना शिक्षणाचे महत्त्व पटल्यामुळे त्या उच्च शिक्षण घेतात व त्यामुळे त्यांच्यातला आत्मविश्वास खूप वाढलेला दिसतो. त्यांच्या विचारातही प्रगल्भता दिसते. स्त्रिया बऱ्याच आघाड्यांवर आज समर्थपणे वाटचाल करताना दिसत आहेत. कधी प्रेमानी, बंडखोरीनी, चिडून तर कधी रडून कोणतीही संकटे आली तरी तात्पुरती कोसाल्यासारखी होते पण परत तेवढ्याच जोमाने परत आव्हाने स्वीकारते.
स्त्री हा समाजाचा एक महत्त्वाचा आणि मौल्यवान घटक आहे. तिची जपणूक वेगळ्या पद्धतीने व्हायला हवी. प्रत्यक्षात हे चित्र खरं आणि चांगल दिसत नाही. सगळ्या बंधनातून खरंच स्त्री मुक्त होऊ शकते का? मुळात हे स्त्री ला तरी रुचेल का? आर्थिक स्वातंत्र्य, मन मोकळेपणानी वागणे, आणि तिला हवा तसा पेहराव करणे म्हणजे स्त्री बंधनातून मुक्त होते हा विचार एक कल्ली वाटतो. स्त्रीचे स्त्रीत्व फक्त कपडे आणि makeup पुरते मर्यादित नाही. त्याचे मूल्य मोजता येण्यासारखे नाही. स्त्री ही हिऱ्यासारखी असते. तिच्या तेजाने ती सारे जग उजळू शकते आणि वेळ पडल्यास जीवही घेऊ शकते. त्यामुळे स्त्रीला स्वातंत्र्य जरूर हवे पण स्वैराचार नको. स्त्रीने स्वतःहून विचार करून काही बंधने घालून घ्यावीत. म्हणजे तीला ती जाचक वाटणार नाहीत. आपल्या संस्कृतीत स्त्रीला दोन घरे जोडणारी दोन मने जोडणारी मानतात. स्त्रीवरची बंधने ही जाचक नको तार हवीहवीशी वाटणारी हवीत. ती बंधने लादलेली नको स्वत:हून स्त्रीने स्वीकारलेली हवीत. कुठे कशी व किती बंधने असावीत ह्याचा विवेकाने विचार स्त्रीने करावा. तिच्या आत्मसन्मानाला, तिच्या अस्तित्वाला पोषक बंधने असतील तर स्त्री यशाच्या शिखरावर पोहोचू शकते. कारण स्त्री हा शक्तीचा एक अमर्याद स्त्रोत आहे. तिला योग्य पद्धतीने हाताळणे अत्यंत गरजेचे आहे. स्त्रीने स्वतःहूनच काही बंधने घालून घेतली तर तिला ती जाचक वाटणार नाहीत. आणि स्त्री बंधनमुक्त नव्हे तर बंधनमुकता होईल.
By Rucha Khare
Imagine for a moment that you are a successful psychologist. Cynthia comes to see you because she's having a problem. How do you treat her? How do you even know what's wrong with her?
Clinical assessment is a way of diagnosing and planning treatment for a patient that involves evaluating someone in order to figure out what is wrong. There are many types of psychological assessments, all of which have their own strengths and weaknesses.
What's the point of assessment? To answer that, let's go back to the moment that Cynthia walks into your office. She tells you that she's feeling very stressed out and anxious because she keeps forgetting things. She used to be really on top of things, but recently she has trouble remembering where she parked her car or what she did just a few minutes ago.
What's wrong with Cynthia? There are many things that can cause memory loss. The only way that you can find out what's wrong with her is to do some sort of evaluation. Clinical assessments help you, the psychologist, to know what might be causing problems for your patient.
Let's look closer at three common types of clinical assessments: clinical interviews, neurological and biological testing and intelligence testing.
- Clinical Interviews
A clinical interview is a discussion in which the psychologist asks specific, open-ended questions in order to assess a client's thoughts, behaviors and feelings. It is often referred to as a conversation with a purpose.
- Neurological and Biological Tests
Another type of clinical assessment is neurological and biological testing, which consists of an examination of the patient's brain and/or physical body to try to diagnose psychological issues.
- Intelligence testing
Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. The goal of intelligence tests is to obtain an idea of the person's intellectual potential.
Some examples of clinical assessment are Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Personality Inventory (CPI), Rorschach Ink blot test, Bender Gestalt test etc.
Advantages: It helps to diagnose mental illness and its severity. With the help of its results consulting a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist can be decided.
Disadvantages: Although the assessment is helpful it has certain limitations. Issues of labeling rise up. Also counselor’s bias can be one of the limitations of this assessment.
By Rucha Khare
Personality tests:
A personality test is a questionnaire or other standardized instrument designed to reveal aspects of an individual's character or psychological makeup. A study of personality is extremely significant in the process of guidance and counseling. An individual’s personality is the sum total of intelligence aptitude, capability, interest etc. Guidance is given to the individual on the basis of this measurement. Some examples of personality tests are 16PF, NEO-FFI, etc
Advantages: These tests are useful for assessing theories. These tests are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. They also help to look at changes in personality. Diagnosing psychological problems becomes easier with these tests. In industrial setup they help in screening job candidates. They help to know the person psychologically and mentally so that the right post could be applied to him on the event that such person is seeking for a job. Psychologists also apply these tests to know their patients better. It's a valuable tool for large enterprises to choose adequately persons for key posts.
Disadvantages: Personality tests can only hint at a person's personality, because of several problems relating to such tests. First of all, many people are only semi-literate and do not even understand the questions that the test is asking them. Secondly, many people would see no reason to answer questions honestly on a personality test. Some people, despite understanding the questions and wishing to answer them honestly, are not sufficiently self-aware or reflective enough to be able to figure out what the correct answer is. Even beyond that, psychologists do not necessarily know what these questions tell us about personality. Someone likes to stay home in weekends and read, OK. Is this person shy? Intellectual? Trying to escape from reality? Trying to learn more about reality? All of these are possible explanations. It is quite hard to learn about some ones personality on the basis of a test.
By Rucha Khare
Interest tests:
A
career tool for
self-assessment that
aids in
career planning to assesses the likes of particular
objects,
activities, and
personalities using the
theory that
individuals with the same career tend to have the same
interests. In every individual’s life interests play an important role. What an individual will do is determined mostly on the basis of his interests. When an individual is free to do some work or perform a function, he chooses only those works in which he is interested. We can describe interest as a feeling of association. Anything with which we get associated or which gets associated with us is called an interest. Psychologists have developed a number of tests to measure the depth of interest. For example: Strong’s Interest Inventory (SII), Chatterjee’s Non Language Preference Record (CNPR) etc..
Advantages: Interest tests help us in choosing a career direction that can be fulfilling, challenging and satisfying. They also help a person focus on potential career directions. These tests help in locating the exact area of our interest which further helps us in finding appropriate career path.
Disadvantages: The answers in the inventory can be faked. There is no way to tell whether or not the subject has faked his answers even if good rapport is established earlier. All faking may not be deliberate. The subject may not be aware that he is cooking the results while he is actually in the process of doing so.
By Rucha Khare
Aptitude tests:
An aptitude test is designed to assess what a person is capable of doing; to predict what a person is able to learn or do given the right education and instruction. It represents a person's level of competency to perform a certain type of task.
What do aptitude tests measure? These tests measure what psychologists refer to as your fluid and crystallized intelligence. The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that people’s intelligence is composed of a number of different abilities that interact and work together to produce overall individual intelligence.
Fluid intelligence is the ability to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. It’s more commonly known as ‘street smarts’ or the ability to ‘quickly think on your feet’. This ability is considered independent of learning, past experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence include coming up with problem-solving strategies, ability to quickly learn new skills, ability to quickly integrate new information, strategic thinking, etc. The aptitude test that measures your fluid intelligence is called abstract reasoning.
The second component of intelligence that the aptitude tests measure is crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence is the ability to learn from past experiences and relevant learning, and to apply this learning to a situation. Crystallized intelligence includes comprehending written reports and instructions, ability to produce reports, ability to use numbers as a tool to make effective decisions, etc. This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences, and becomes stronger as we age and accumulate new knowledge and understanding.
Aptitude tests may conveniently be grouped into two categories – multiple aptitude tests and special aptitude tests. Multiple aptitude tests are those which intend to measure several aptitudes, each by an independent subtest. Hence, multiple aptitude tests are not tests but rather batteries of tests. Special aptitude tests are those which intend to measure only one aptitude. Examples of aptitude tests are Differential Aptitude test (DAT), David’s Battery of Differential aptitude (DBDA), etc.
Advantages:
- Objective, efficient comparisons – Many organizations use aptitude testing to help them make better promoting or hiring decisions. Such tests are usually more effective for establishing if someone has the capacity to handle a responsibility. In addition, aptitude tests allow employers to compare various candidates in a fair manner.
- Standardization – Since many aptitude tests are standardized, you can be assured of reliable and valid results.
- Training needs assessment – Different people in your organization require different skills to be efficient in their work. For instance, some people might need to improve their customer care skills, while others might require additional time management skills. Aptitude tests can help you establish the training needs of your employees and thus organize an appropriate training program.
- Cost effectiveness – Most aptitude tests are carried out on computers. As result, they are very cost effective and easy to administer.
Disadvantages:
- Cultural bias – Our abilities and accomplishments are based on experiences such as our upbringing, home setting, education and opportunities. All these will have an impact on the results of the aptitude test. For example, an aptitude test might require proficiency in the English language. If this is not your first language, then you might be disqualified in spite of your other abilities.
- Aptitude does not necessarily result in good performance – The fact that someone has an aptitude for something does not necessarily mean that they will perform well. Besides aptitude, there are also other factors that affect performance. This includes training, motivation and interest.
By Rucha Khare
There are different types of psychological tests. They are as follows:
Intelligence test:
Intelligence tests are psychological tests that are designed to measure a variety of mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension, and judgment. The goal of intelligence tests is to obtain an idea of the person's intellectual potential. The tests center around a set of stimuli designed to yield a score based on the test maker's model of what makes up intelligence. Intelligence tests are often given as a part of a battery of tests.
For example: Stanford-Binet Scale, Wechsler Scales, Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices(SPM), etc.
Advantages: In general, intelligence tests measure a wide variety of human behaviors better than any other measure that has been developed. They allow professionals to have a uniform way of comparing a person's performance with that of other people who are similar in age. These tests also provide information on cultural and biological differences among people. Intelligence tests are excellent predictors of academic achievement and provide an outline of a person's mental strengths and weaknesses. Many times the scores have revealed talents in many people, which have led to an improvement in their educational opportunities. Teachers, parents, and psychologists are able to devise individual curricula that match a person's level of development and expectations.
Disadvantages: Some researchers argue that intelligence tests have serious shortcomings. For example, many intelligence tests produce a single intelligence score. This single score is often inadequate in explaining the multidimensional aspects of intelligence. Another problem with a single score is the fact that individuals with similar intelligence test scores can vary greatly in their expression of these talents. It is important to know the person's performance on the various subtests that make up the overall intelligence test score. Knowing the performance on these various scales can influence the understanding of a person's abilities and how these abilities are expressed. For example, two people have identical scores on intelligence tests. Although both people have the same test score, one person may have obtained the score because of strong verbal skills while the other may have obtained the score because of strong skills in perceiving and organizing various tasks. Furthermore, intelligence tests only measure a sample of behaviors or situations in which intelligent behavior is revealed. For instance, some intelligence tests do not measure a person's everyday functioning, social knowledge, mechanical skills, and/or creativity. Along with this, the formats of many intelligence tests do not capture the complexity and immediacy of real-life situations. Therefore, intelligence tests have been criticized for their limited ability to predict non-test or nonacademic intellectual abilities. Since intelligence test scores can be influenced by a variety of different experiences and behaviors, they should not be considered a perfect indicator of a person's intellectual potential.
By Rucha Khare
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
Psychologists and other qualified mental health professionals use psychological tests to measure specific psychological constructs in individuals. This lesson will explore the different types of psychological tests and provide several examples. This piece of information might prove helpful for having a better insight about “Psychological tests”.
What Is a Psychological Test?
Suppose that you are a psychologist. A new client walks into your office reporting trouble concentrating, fatigue, and feelings of guilt, loss of interest in hobbies and loss of appetite. You automatically think that your client may be describing symptoms of depression. However, you note that there are several other disorders that also have similar symptoms. For example, your client could be describing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), insomnia or a list of other psychological disorders. There are also some physical conditions, such as diabetes or congestive heart failure, which could result in the mental symptoms that your client is reporting.
So, how do you determine which diagnosis, if any, you give your client? One tool that can help you is a psychological test or psychological assessments. These are instruments used to measure how much of a specific psychological construct an individual has. Psychological tests are used to assess many areas, including:
- Traits such as introversion and extroversion
- Certain conditions such as depression and anxiety
- Intelligence, aptitude and achievement such as verbal intelligence and reading achievement
- Attitudes and feelings such as how individuals feel about the treatment that they received from their therapists.
- Interest such as the careers and activities that a person is interested in.
- Specific abilities, knowledge or skills such as cognitive ability, memory and problem-solving skills
It is important to note that not everyone can administer a psychological test. Each test has its own requirements that a qualified professional must meet in order for a person to purchase and administer the test to someone else.
Psychological tests provide a way to formally and accurately measure different factors that can contribute to people's problems. Before a psychological test is administered, the individual being tested is usually interviewed. In addition, it is common for more than one psychological test to be administered in certain settings.
By निलिमा आपटे
नुकताच एक प्रसंग वाचण्यात आणि ऐकण्यात आला आणि मन अस्वस्थ झाले. एका विद्यार्थिनीने आत्महत्या केली. वय १९ – २० वर्षे. कॉलेज च्या दुसऱ्या वर्षात शिकत होती. अचानक सगळ संपलं. तिच्या आई वडिलांना जो धक्का बसला त्याचे मोजमाप करताच येणार नाही. मानास्तज्ञ म्हणून विचार करायला लागले तर काही गोष्टी, प्रसंग तिच्या बाबतीत घडले असतील? विषय आवडत नव्हते, शिक्षण झेपत नव्हते का नापास होण्याची भीती वाटत होती? ह्यापैकी एक किवा इतराही करणे असू शकतील. ऐकण्यात असं आल की दिलेला पेपर खुप अवघड गेला आणि आपण ह्या परीक्षेत पास होणार नाही ही अवास्तव भीती वाटली. ह्या भीतीमुळे कोणाशीच मोकळेपणानी ना बोलता आयुष्य संपविण्याचा टोकाचा निर्णय घेतला गेला.
एखादया शाखेची निवड करून जेव्हा शिक्षण सुरु होते तेव्हा काही गोष्टी लक्षात येऊ लागतात. जसे की निवडलेला अभ्यासक्रम झेपत नाही, विषय अवघड जाणे, वर्ष वाया जाण्याची भीती, मित्र मैत्रिणी हसतील ह्याची भीती इत्यादी. पण हे सगळे विचार मोकळेपणानी बोलले गेले नाहीत तर घुसमट वाढत जाऊन असे टोकाचे व अविचारी निर्णय घेतले जातात हे वरील उदाहरणावरून लक्षात येते.
वरील उदाहरणाचा विचार करता ती घुसमट खुप आधीपासूनच त्या मुलीच्या मनात असावी. आई वडील किंवा मित्र मैत्रिणी ह्यांच्या काही गोष्टी आधीच लक्षात येऊ शकतात. “तो हल्ली असाच वागतो” असं म्हणत त्याकडे दुर्लक्ष करणे उचित नव्हे. ह्या वयात मित्र मैत्रिणी अधिक जवळच्या वाटतात. त्यांच्या कडे मनातले जास्त बोलले गेले असेल तर दुर्लक्ष न करता त्यांच्या आई वडिलांपर्यंत त्या गोष्टी पोहोचवणे गरजेचे आहे. अश्या गोष्टींची टिंगल न करता हसण्यावारी न नेता त्याचा गंभीरपणे विचार करावा. आयुष्य संपवणे हा कुठल्याच समस्येचा मार्ग असूच शकत नाही. घरातील व्यक्तींमध्ये मोकळेपणानी संवाद असेल तर असे प्रसंग ओढवत नाहीत.
आणखीन एक उदाहरण पाहूया. S.Y. B.Com चे शिक्षण चालू आहे. पण हा अभ्यासक्रम झेपत नाही असे घरी सांगितले. सामान्य बुद्धिमत्ता असलेली, ११वी पासूनच विषय राहत होते. १० वी ला देखील पाठांतर करून पास झालेली. आपले मित्र मैत्रिणी कोणकोणती पदवी घेत आहेत म्हणून आपणही कॉलेज ला अडमिशन घ्यावी ही प्रामाणिक इच्छा. पण जेव्हा लक्षात आले तेव्हा मार्गदर्शन घ्यायला आले. त्यांना सुचविले की हा हट्ट सोडून द्या आणि तिला झेपतील असे छोटे कोर्सेस करा. हे पालकांनी देखील इतके छान समजून घेतले आणि विद्यार्थिनीला इतका आनंद झाला की तो तिच्या चेहऱ्यावर दिसू लागला. विद्यार्थिनी आणि तिच्या आई वडिलांच्या मनावर ताण एकदम हलका झाला. इतके दिवस आपण का नाही बोललो असे म्हणत त्यांनी समाधानाची पावती दिली.
म्हणूनच बोला आणि मोकळे व्हा. आयुष्य सुंदर आहे ते आणखी सुंदर बनवा!
By निलिमा आपटे
विद्यार्थी आणि त्यांचे पालक जी मुले १० वी आणि १२ वी मध्ये होती, त्यांनी आता थोडा मोकळा श्वास घेतला असेल. कारण परीक्षा हा महत्वाचा टप्पा पार पाडुन त्यांचे निकाल ही लागले.नंतर प्रवेश प्रक्रियांच्या याद्या लागल्या.कोणाला जिथे जे माहाविद्यालय (college) हवे होते तिथे प्रवेश (adimition) मिळाला, तर काहींना वेगळ्याच महाविद्यालामध्ये प्रवेश घ्यावा लागला.
विद्यार्थ्यांना नवीन महाविद्यालयामध्ये ज्याण्याची उत्सुकता असते, नवीन मित्र- मैत्रिणी भेटणार असतात, विद्यार्थ्यांना सर्व नवीन गोष्टींबरोबर जुळून घ्यायचे असते.शालेय शिक्षण वेगळे आणि महाविद्यालीन शिक्षण पध्दती वेगळी असते. काही विद्यार्थांनी आपण कुठले शिक्षण घ्यायचे हे ठरवलेले असते, परंतु ती टक्केवारी खुप कमी, अनेक विद्यार्थ्यांना आपण कुठले शिक्षण घ्यायचे हे ठरलेले नसते. अनेक प्रश्न डोळ्यासमोर असतात, अनेक शंका, उत्सुकता असे एकत्र विचार चालु असतात. आता पूर्वीसारखे ठराविक क्षेत्र नसुन अनेक क्षेत्र उपलब्ध आहेत, अनेक कोर्सेस आपण करू शकतो याची माहीती योग्य पद्धतीनी विद्यार्थ्यांपर्यंत पोहोचली पाहिजे.
१० वी पास झालेले विद्यार्थी कोणत्या महाविद्यालयामध्ये कोणत्या प्रकारच्या शाखा निवडत आहेत, १२ वी नंतर अनेक प्रवेश परीक्षा द्याव्या लागतात. त्या कोणत्या असतात याची माहिती मार्गदर्शकाला असणे आवश्यक आहे. याची ही माहिती तत्ज्ञांकडून दिली जाईल. “ज्ञानप्रबोधिनी अभिक्षमता मापन आणि मार्गदर्शन (A.T.C.G) विभागातर्फे कार्यशाळा आयोजित केली आहे, ३० आणि ३१ जुलै २०१६ रोजी ही कार्यशाळा घेण्यात येईल” . या मध्ये अनेक क्षेत्रातील तज्ञ व्यक्तींची व्याख्याने आयोजित केली आहेत. ज्या व्यक्तींना विद्यार्थांबरोबर काम करायला आवडते, त्यांना ही कार्यशाळा नक्कीच आवडेल. तुम्हाला सर्वांनाच माहित आहे की या वर्षी महाराष्ट्र शासनाने प्रत्येक शाळेमध्ये “कल चाचणी” घेतली,अनेक वर्षानंतरच्या संशोधनानंतर तयार केलेल्या चाचण्या या ज्ञानप्रबोधिनीमध्ये अनेक वर्षापासून दिल्या जातात.
१० वी आणि १२ वी च्या विद्यार्थ्यांची संख्या जास्त असते, त्यांना मार्गदर्शन लागते, म्हणून या कार्यशाळेचा नक्कीच उपयोग होईल. या कार्यशाळेनंतर ज्ञानप्रबोधिनीत जे मार्गदर्शन केले जाते ते प्रत्यक्ष एैकण्याची संधी मिळणार आहे. या कार्यशाळेचे तुम्हाला प्रशस्तीपत्रक मिळणार आहेत.या साठी नावनोंदणी आवश्यक आहे ,
या कार्यशाळेसाठी शुल्क आहे,
